Tuesday, February 12, 2019

Tourism influx hits over 11M in 2018, Egypt tops int. destination lists


Tourist influx hit 11.346 million in 2018, compared with 8.3 million in 2017, according to Saed El-Batouty, Economic Councillor to the World Tourism Organization. 

The 37 percent year-on-year increase comes as the result of Egypt’s continuous efforts to revive the tourism sector through the diversification of tours and types of tourism to be enjoyed in the country. 

European tourists came on top, with some 6.9 million Europeans visiting Egypt, according to Batouty. Furthermore, 3 million tourists came from Arab countries, whereas about 669,000 were from Asian countries; also, 456,000 visitors headed to Egypt from America and about 166,000 came from African countries. 

Interestingly, Batouty pointed out that German visitors to Egypt saw the most increase during the year, recording a stellar 1.7 million tourists. 

Egypt has long been known for being a top holiday destination, a fact that has been further supported by articles in CNN Travel, the Independent, The Sun, and the Vancouver Sun in 2019. 

All four news sites have ranked Egypt as a top holiday destination during 2019. 

CNN Travel 

On January 4, 2019, CNN Travel published their annual list of top destinations for the year, placing Egypt in Second place, after Christchurch, New Zealand. 

Despite the recent terrorist attack, CNN explains, 2019 will be different. 

“So what's different in 2019?” writes CNN. 

“Well, while the sand has been settling on deserted classic monuments, Egyptologists have been brushing it gently aside elsewhere to discover a litany of exciting finds, many of which are now being opened to the public,” answers CNN. 

As for the safety concerns, CNN writes, “And while safety concerns persist, hundreds of thousands of visitors to the Pyramids of Giza, the Great Sphinx, the Valley of the Kings take place without incident each year. Likewise, Egypt's main Red Sea resorts are considered safe.” 

Positively, CNN expects Egypt to receive many more tourists in the run up to its 2020 opening of its Grand Egyptian Museum. 

The Independent 

Cairo tops the British Independent’s top ten cities to visit in 2019. 

Egypt has lots of treasures that are world admired such as the Greatest Egyptian Museum that cost $ one billion, pointed out the Independent. 

The Journal further stated that the museum will attach the whole set of Tutankhauman Tomb for the first time. 

Cairo is rich with the fabulous Nile cruises and incredible destinations that you have to see. 

Matera, the Italian city, ranked second in Independent’s list, which described it as the capital of European culture. 

Perth, the Australian city, ranked third, while Lyon, the French city, came in fourth and Chengdu, in China, came fifth. 

The Sun 

BRITS have shunned Benidorm in favour of alternative destinations such as … Egypt this year,” wrote British news site “The Sun” on January 4, 2019. 

The Sun cites Hosbec’s statistics that show that hotels have seen an eight percent fall in British tourists. Instead of heading to Spain, more Brits are not heading towards Egypt and Turkey due to them being cheaper. 

“Last year, around 319,000 British nationals visited Egypt,” writes The Sun. 


Vancouver Sun 

“King Tutankhamun’s complete museum collection — among 100,000 artifacts in total and some of which have never been seen in public — are housed in the newly opened, $1 billion Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) that overlooks the pyramids of Giza, in greater Cairo,” writes Canada’s Vancouver Sun. 

Ranked third on its list, Egypt is actually number one, according to the news site, for tourists who are interested in art, history and ancient life. 

“If art, history and the grand scope of ancient life is your balm, this is your happy place,” the news site writes in reference to Egypt. 

“Egypt has had its share of travel warnings in the past since the Arab Spring of 2011, but like any metropolis, it is safe as long as you are aware and avoid areas that are off limits, such as the Sinai Peninsula, and don’t wander off into the desert unaccompanied. The GEM is the largest museum in the world dedicated to one civilization. King Tutankhamun’s sandals, more than 3,500 years old, have been restored using special processed developed specifically for this task.” 

Egypt’s strategy to attract more tourists 

In an interview with Manus Cranny and Tracy Alloway on “Bloomberg Daybreak: Middle East” on November 8, Mashat revealed that Egypt has witnessed a “steep rebound” in the tourism industry, citing the significant increase in the influx of tourists. 

Mashat spoke of tourism’s future, its prospects and the work that the government is doing to get the industry back on its feet. She also revealed, “At the end of this month in Parliament, I will be announcing E-Trip: Egypt Reform Program” 

Shortly after, Mashat revealed the E-Trip at a Luncheon at the American Chamber of Commerce. The five-pillar strategy is designed to reform and regulate the industry, as well as to ensure its sustainability. 

The five pillars start of at an area that has been criticized over and over again by Egyptians and experts, as well as the minister herself: Administrative and legislative reform. Earlier this year, while speaking to more than 10 experts about the problem in the industry, they had all agreed that there is a problem with professionalism and that most workers are not trained well enough to deal with tourists. 

Chairman and CEO of Emeco Travel, former head of the Egyptian Tourism Federation and former Chairman of Tourism Chambers Elhamy El-Zayat explains that one of the top priorities in the tourism sector for the next period is training. El-Zayat adds that because there is no language-proficiency requirement for most hospitality-degree admissions, graduates are often left with poor English skills. 

He adds that funds do exist to train people working in the sector, indicating that money for training has been allocated ever since former Minister of Tourism Fouad Sultan (1985-1993) was in office. To reach a higher level of service and communicate better with tourists, El-Zayat, Counsellor to the Minister of Tourism Walid El-Batouty and Chairman of the Egyptian Tourism Promotion Board (ETPB) Hisham el-Demery all call for training. 

“We need to make sure that people have a good time. Traveling is an experience. You have to make sure that when tourists come, they will find good English, service and information. It is the guide’s role to show the best of Egypt,” says El-Batouty. “Tour guides are in a great position to generate more business for themselves and for the country by showing the best of Egypt. A guide makes it or breaks it.” 

In addition to language and technical abilities, Magdy Saleh, the head of the Egyptian Federation of Chambers of Tourism in Hurghada says there’s a need to improve the organization of services offered to tourists. He explains, for instance, that the crowds of taxi drivers at Cairo International Airport’s arrival halls is a chaotic scene for someone stepping out of the airport to be greeted by flocks of drivers shouting randomly at him. “There is need for a policy to organise taxis at the airport better,” he adds. Similarly, Demery would love to see “a global awareness campaign on how to treat tourists.” 

Consequently, the minister has taken a positive step forward and moved towards giving people vocational training, educating them to enable them to deal with tourists well, and teaching them proper etiquette for dealing with visitors. The ministry will look to hire more high-quality professionals who are able to manage work. Moreover, vocational training will be given to those who work in the industry. 

The second pillar is one that has also been on the forefront of people’s minds over the past two years: Rebranding Egypt. All experts unanimously said that there is an urgent need to maximise the types of tourism programs for an uptick in tourist inflows to occur. “We need to introduce new types of tourism including medical, the Holy Family and MICE [meeting, incentive, conference and events],” Demery told us. 

Similarly, Saleh calls for an increase in religious events and festivals to attract tourists. “We have forgotten that Egypt is the land of religions,” he says. “Between Mount Moses, the Holy Family tour, and many other heavenly locations in Egypt, Egypt has the potential to rebrand itself from being [solely] a beach-and-monument destination.” 

Batouty explains that we need new ideas, and we need to be updated to revive the tourism sectors, citing two new initiatives that have attracted many guests so far. Run by Art D’Egypte’s founder Nadine Abdel Ghaffar, the first initiative is “Eternal Light. Something Old, Something New,” which took place at the Egyptian Museum, and managed to gain much interest. The exhibition displayed 16 artworks of Egypt’s most prominent contemporary artists, creating a wonderful contrast against the timeless backdrop of artefacts in the museum. Displayed pieces were influenced by ancient Egypt’s art and artists, like Mohamed Abla. 

Through social media platforms and social media influencers and bloggers, international tourism campaigns and travel Expos, the tourism is working to rebrand the tourism industry in Egypt as a “responsible choice for eco-friendly tourists” and one that “economically empowers women,” revealed the Tourism Minister. 

The third pillar is concerned with fining new markets and diversifying the base from which tourists come to visit Egypt, in addition to beefing up cooperations, focused on tourism, with countries that are considered well-established markets. 

The fourth pillar concerns upgrading the hospitability infrastructure. To do so, the Tourism Ministry has decided to launch a private equity find. This fund will also be used to upgrade hotels and resorts that have gone out of style or need to be revamped; an issue that experts we spoke to also brought up. 

Concerning this pillar, experts had previously told us that to ensure that the sector keeps growing and accommodate the expected increase in tourist inflows, El-Zayat believes that investors should be allowed to take loans from Egyptian banks. The fact that the door was shut in recent years, he explains, led many investors to downsize their businesses, leaving many unemployed. To maintain the growing tourism sector, investors should be able to rely on banks when needed, El-Zayat suggests. 

Calls of increased high-quality investments also came from El-Batouty, who indicates that good investments always make money for Egypt, as well as for the investor. El-Batouty gave Cosmos, an Egypt-based travel company that partners with Viking USA, as a successful model that played a role in tourists’ return to Egypt by providing high-quality services, portraying a positive image of tourism in Egypt. 

The fifth, and final pillar, concerns an upgrade to the legislative framework that governs the industry as of right now. This is something that has been on Mashat’s mind for a while: During her first meeting with investors in the tourism sector, Rania El-Mashat, the new minister of tourism, has indicated that she is set on building a newer administrative framework for the sector to allow processes to go smoother and quicker. El-Mashat said that she intends to build a system that would move the sector forward, leading it to be a case study for the international community to take lessons from. 

Building on this, Demery told us that there are many great ideas and that people are energetic and enthusiastic to implement them, but to do that, bureaucracy needs to be addressed and the processes need to be upgraded. To keep up with the digital world today, one needs to take actions quicker and keep up with trends, he says, and so we need to be constantly updating our systems to keep up with international trends and needs. 

Having spoken to sources who called the industry highly bureaucratic, advising that less bureaucracy would help the industry flourish, it sure is a relief to see the fifth pillar of the strategic plan aim to remove bureaucracy and better the legislative framework. The new framework will be an update to a framework that has not been updated in about 40 years, and will see the ministry itself propose ideas for legislative changes. 

Monday, February 11, 2019

Grand Egyptian Museum to open by 2020, says antiquities minister


Egypt's Minister of Antiquities Khaled El-Anany has said that the new Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) is set to be officially inaugurated in 2020, saying the ministry has strict directives from the country's political leadership for the opening to be held that year.
El-Anany said that the entrance tickets are to be priced at EGP 5 for Egyptian students, 10 EGP for a public ticket, and free for students of  free schools.
The minister gave the statements during a meeting of the Egyptian parliament's culture, media and antiquities committee on Sunday.
El-Anany announced that the terms and conditions booklet will be ready soon for the Emirati company and international consortiums that have said they will be bidding to administer the facility. 
The GEM complex is located on an area of approximately 500,000 square metres adjacent to the Pyramids of Giza. It is one of the largest museums in the world displaying the heritage of a single civilisation. 
The construction of the museum began in 2006 with funding from the Japanese government.
"GEM construction slowed down following the outbreak of the revolution in January 2011, but in 2019 the construction began to move ahead again at a great pace and 80 percent of the work has so far been completed," El-Anany told the committee.
He said that the great value of Egypt's new museum led the government of Japan to loan Egypt $450 million to build it, but the total cost of the museum is expected to reach $1 billion.
"So far we have been able to transport 45,000 antiquities to the new museum to be ready for display when it opens in 2020," said El-Anany.
The museum will contain over 100,000 artefacts, reflecting Egypt's past from prehistory through to the Greek and Roman periods.
Speaking about the ministry's work, El-Anany said there is currently a major archaeological discovery in Egypt almost every week.
"There will be a great archaeological discovery in Giza's Saqqara region, and I invite all members of parliament to attend the event next week," said the minister, without providing further details.
On the renovation of the religious archaeological heritage, El-Anany affirmed that Jewish heritage is an important part of Egyptian heritage, and is top priority for the ministry, as is the Pharaonic, Roman, Islamic and Coptic archaeological heritage of the country.
The minister also revealed that the ministry will raise the price of entrance tickets to the pyramids for foreigners from EGP 80 to EGP 200, starting next November.
"Egyptians aged 60 years and older will be exempted from the entrance fee, while the ministry will issue an annual subscription ticket for Egyptian students for EGP 150,” the minister said.
On the latest developments in retrieving Egyptian artefacts that have been smuggled abroad, the minister said that a number had been discovered in Sharjah Emirate in the UAE, and many have been retrieved directly or by lawsuits. 
El-Anany also revealed that the ministry is investigating a recent case of an artefact that was stolen from inside the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, adding that he can't reveal the details of the incident at the time being.
On the case of the smuggled artefacts discovered in Naples in May, El-Anany said that the case involved 21,000 ancient coins and 151 small statues. All were retrieved by the Egyptian general prosecution within only a month.
“This is the shortest period of time known to retrieve smuggled artefacts,” El-Anany said; however, he added that the full details of the case are still being investigated by the prosecution, who will identify the smugglers and who the artefacts were intended for. 
In May, Italian authorities seized a huge collection of artefacts in Naples from several countries, including Egypt.
According to officials in the Ministry of Antiquities, the objects were stolen from illegal excavation sites, as there are no records of the artefacts in Egyptian museums.
The artefacts include a collection of pottery from different ancient eras, parts of sarcophagi and coins. Also among the artefacts were objects from the Islamic period.

Egypt, Japan discuss joint tourist cooperation


South Sinai Governor Khaled Fouda on Tuesday held talks with a delegation of the Japan Association of Travel Agents (JATA) on increasing the number of Japanese tourists to Sinai. 

Fouda confirmed that security and stability prevail in the governorate, according to a statement issued by his office. 

He also shed light on the many ancient landmarks and tourist attractions that the governorate has which makes it a great enjoyable destination for those fond of religious, sports and cultural tourism. 

The Japanese delegates expressed pleasure for their meeting with the governor and pledged to convey the positive image they conceived to the Japanese travel agents.

Egypt to issue facilitated medical tourism visas soon


The ministers of foreign affairs and aviation are working on establishing a mechanism to issue medical tourism visas to foreign patients, for the first time in the country, an official source said.

Ayman Abdel Aziz, secretary general of a newly formed technical committee for medical tourism, under the supervision of the Cabinet, said that 20 hospitals will be ready in April to receive patients from abroad. A guide to the sites offering medical tourism services will be issued, Abdel Aziz added.

The medical tourism program will offer heart, orthopedic, eye and other surgeries in the first phase, for 15 Arab and African countries, Abdel Aziz explained.

Previous Egyptian efforts


Since the launch of the national anti-HCV program in 2014, 1.4 million citizens infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) have been treated, and 1.5 million more will be fully cured during 2018.

By 2022, Egypt will be HCV-free, announced Yehiya el-Shazly, president of the National Committee for Fighting Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infections, in 2017.

In February 2017, Egypt launched the "Tour and Cure" medical tourism initiative. The initiative offers treatment to HCV infected patients from all over the world, with an effective and advanced treatment program at a lower cost. Argentine football player Lionel Messi launched and promoted the "Tour and Cure" campaign through a visit in February.

Natural Therapy in Egypt


Numerous mineral springs in Egypt constitute a therapeutic tourism attraction. A spring in Wadi Assal (Honey Valley) in Ras Sudr is known among the locals to treat arthritis, and cleanse the skin.

Hammam Moussa, located about three kilometers north of el-Toor City, includes five springs that pour into a pool covered by a large dome. The pool is continually filled with natural, renewable sulfuric water that measures 38° Celsius, and is believed to help cure rheumatism, arthritis, bone and skin diseases, as well as heal wounds.

Hammam Pharaon (Pharaoh’s Bath), located on the international road to Sharm El-Sheikh, is a natural pool of water springing from caves inside a mountain and pouring into the Gulf of Suez. Water in the bath contains a high concentration of sulfur.

Top four US travel destinations revealed

The four most popular international destinations for US travelers who purchased travel insurance over the past year have been released by US-based travel insurance comparison site Square mouth, with Africa coming top.
Egypt, Africa was deemed the most popular destination for US travelers last year, with a year over year increase of 145.87 per cent. Morocco, Africa was the second most popular destination, with an increase of 72.81 per cent; Tanzania and Columbia, South America, came in third and fourth respectively, with increases of 61.45 per cent and 59.33 per cent.
In addition to these figures, the average cost of trips to each of the top destinations rose, and it emerged that travelers visiting Tanzania spent an average of US$11,216.74, up by 7.81 per cent compared to the year prior. Columbia visitors’ spending increased by 8.86 per cent, splurging an average $1,531.94 on their trips.
All four destinations saw a notable increase in tourism from every generation: millennial travel was perceived to be the highest in Morocco and Columbia; Egypt and Tanzania received the most visits from Generation X; and Egypt was the most popular destination amongst Baby Boomer and Silent Generation travelers, the latter of which increased by a whopping 468 per cent.

Sunday, February 10, 2019

Egypt's first antiquities discovery of 2019: Mummy-filled burial chambers in Minya


A maze of Ptolemaic burial chambers filled with more than 40 mummies, including men, women and children, was discovered at Tuna El-Gebel in Minya

discovery

As the sun warmed the air at Tuna El-Gebel necropolis in Minya governorate on Saturday morning, hundreds of media and officials gathered to witness the announcement of the first discovery of 2019.

Over the last two years, a large number of new discoveries in Egypt have grabbed the world’s attention.
discovery
At the site, Minister of Antiquities Khaled El-Enany announced that a joint mission from the ministry and the Research Centre for Archaeological Studies at Minya University had stumbled upon a collection of Ptolemaic-era rock burial chambers, filled with a large number of mummies of different sizes and genders.
Rania Al-Mashat, the minister of tourism, Major General Kassem Hussein, the governor of Minya, Mostafa Waziri, the secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, and ambassadors and cultural attachés from 11 foreign countries, among them Malta, the Czech Republic, Spain, Serbia, Ireland, Belarus, and China, along with their families, as well as Mostafa Abdel-Nabi, the head of Minya University and members of parliament from Minya attended the announcement ceremony at the site.
discovery
El-Enany told the attendees that this is the discovery to be announced in Minya since he took office and the first in 2019. He also promised that this year will witness more discoveries.
He noted that the ambassadors had told him that they always admire mummies in museums but it is a different experience to be face-to-face with them in situ.
“The newly discovered tombs are a familial grave which was probably for a family from the upper middle class,” El-Enany said.
discovery
He highlighted that the grave consists of a number of burial chambers containing a large number of human mummies of different genders and age, including children. All are in a good conservation condition and some are wrapped in linen, or decorated with Demotic handwriting.
There are over 40 mummies. Some of them still have fragments of coloured cartonnage covers near their feet.
“The methods used in burying the mummies inside the maze of tombs varies in style,” Waziri told attendees, explaining that some of the mummies were inside stone or wooden sarcophagi while others were buried in sand or were laid on the floors of the tombs or inside niches.
discovery

Ostraca and fragments of papyri were also found in the tomb, he said, which helped reveal that it could date to the Ptolemaic, early Roman and Byzantine periods.
Wagdi Ramadan, the head of the mission, said that the mission started its work for the first time in Tuna El-Gebel in February 2018, when it discovered a tomb engraved in rock composed of a corridor leading to sloping stairs that opened to a rectangular chamber with a number of burials.
Another chamber was also located at the western side filled with mummies and large stone sarcophagi. At the northern side there is a third chamber with a collection of stone sarcophagi inside niches.
This is the typical burial style used in Tuna El- Gebel, which once was the necropolis of Egypt’s 15th nome during the late New Kingdom and the beginning of the New Intermediate Period.
discovery
Fathi Awad, director of Tuna El-Gebel, said that the archaeological site has several tombs, among them the tomb of Petosiris, the Isadora tomb, a sacred animal ceremony, a Roman cemetery and two frontier reliefs of king Akhenaten.
Al-Mashat said that the event was an important message to the whole world that Egypt “has it all.” 

Fake news of Cleopatra


There is no evidence to suggest that the tomb of the ancient Egyptian queen Cleopatra has been found
The news that has been published recently concerning the discovery of the tomb of Cleopatra is completely false. The tomb of this magical queen has not been found.
The story began when I gave a lecture to students and the public at the University of Palermo in Italy. My words were translated by Stefania Sofra, an Italian Egyptologist. I said we had long been excavating at the Temple of Taposiris Magna about 45km west of Alexandria, and added that the theory that Cleopatra could be buried there was not my theory, but the theory of Kathleen Martinez of the Dominican Republic who had been working at the site with myself and an Egyptian team.
I never believed in the theory that Cleopatra could be buried there, because the ancient Egyptians never buried anyone inside a temple. Temples were built for worship, and this temple was used for the worship of the goddess Isis. It was therefore unlikely that Cleopatra would be buried there.
After I left the Ministry of Antiquities in 2011, Martinez continued to excavate in the temple area, both in the interior and the exterior, and she found a great number of objects, including the foundation deposits, that showed that the temple was first built by Ptolemy IV. More recently, the team found an inscribed stone that was a gift from Ptolemy V, the king who made the Rosetta Stone.
According to the inscription on this stone, Ptolemy V gave gifts to the priestesses of Isis. Statues and coins were also found inside the temple depicting Cleopatra, and Greek and Roman artifacts and a large cemetery was found outside. Most of the mummies found in the cemetery were covered with gold.
On 13 January, I was coming back from Rome and read a newspaper called Il Messaggero that was running a story to the effect that the tomb of Cleopatra had been found inside the Temple of Taposiris Magna. The story showed photographs of me at the tombs I found at the Giza Pyramids. But the main photograph showed the actress Elizabeth Taylor playing Cleopatra surrounded by Rex Harrison as Caesar and Richard Burton as Mark Antony.
I called Stefania Sofra asking her to send a letter from both of us saying that the newspaper story completely false. It had been completely made up. Even so, I had to answer questions from reporters from all over the world asking me about the discovery. I explained that the tomb had not been found inside the temple, and temples were never used for burial.
Meanwhile, Hollywood wants to produce a new film on the life of Cleopatra. Many people are saying that Cleopatra was black, and for this reason they want the actress playing Cleopatra to be black too. The name of the US singer Beyoncé has been recommended.
When I was called by various TV stations, I told them that Cleopatra cannot have been black because her father and mother were Greek even if she was born in Egypt and had become Egyptianised. I said that she was very clever and that she never loved Caesar or Mark Antony, but used them for their power. When Mark Antony was defeated at the Battle of Actium, Cleopatra began to look towards Octavius instead and sent a message to Mark Antony saying that she was dead and leading to Mark Antony’s killing himself.
But Octavius did not care for Cleopatra and wanted to take her to Rome to show the Romans the woman that had deceived the world. I said that the US singer Lady Gaga would be inappropriate for the role of Cleopatra. I recommended the actress Angelina Jolie instead.
REMEMBERING CLEOPATRA: When I was 17, I studied Greek and Roman archaeology at the University of Alexandria. One day I asked one of the professors there, Fawzi Al-Fakharani, why archaeologists had searched for the tomb of Alexander the Great but none of them had searched for the tomb of Cleopatra.
He said that I should go to the area near Al-Selsela in Alexandria and look into the water. There I would see the palace of the queen, he said, and her tomb. I went to the area and looked at the water that contains the tomb and palace and began to think that I was in love with a woman that I had never seen and had never even imagined what she looked like.
I began to read about her, and what I read showed that Cleopatra had loved power, fame and wealth. She would have left the love of her life if it had benefited her. I began to think that I should not dream anymore about this mysterious woman.
Look at what has been written about this queen. The ancient historian Plutarch said that Cleopatra and Mark Antony were buried together in Alexandria. For years, many archaeologists believed this theory. But the historical evidence suggests that Cleopatra built a tomb for herself near her palace, and so most scholars have concluded that Cleopatra’s tomb has sunk beneath the Mediterranean Sea.
The theory that Cleopatra is buried in the Temple of Taposiris Magna is something promoted by Martinez. As an Egyptologist, I can say that I have never heard of any king or queen being buried inside a temple, and what has been found recently in the excavations are only objects related to the temple equipment. Nothing has been discovered so far that relates to a tomb.
Many people have written bad things about this queen, claiming that she was fat, had a large hooked nose, bad teeth, sharp eyes and a fat neck. This has been reported in the press. But this woman who captured the hearts of the most powerful men of her time cannot have been ugly. Instead, those who came after her, in particular Augustus Caesar and the Roman officials who took over Egypt after her death, did all they could to destroy images of the queen, as if to obliterate her power and reputation. Yet, still the remarkable story of this Ptolemaic queen, Egypt’s last Pharaoh, has come down through the centuries.
As the 17th-century French philosopher Blaise Pascal wrote, “Cleopatra’s nose, if it had been shorter, the whole face of the earth would have been different.” Whether beautiful or not by today’s standards, this queen captured the hearts of many great Romans, and her story has fascinated countless historians, writers and artists. The earliest version of Cleopatra’s life was written by Plutarch in around 100 CE in his Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans, which contains the most accurate and complete accounts. And so her myth begins.
In his life of Mark Antony, Plutarch calls the Roman leader’s love affair with Cleopatra “the last and crowning mischief that could befall him” and emphasises her seductive charms. According to Plutarch, knowing that she was to meet Mark Antony, the Egyptian queen came sailing up the river Cydnus in a barge with a gilded stern and outspread sails of purple, while oars of silver beat time to the music of flutes and harps.
She lay alone under a canopy of cloth of gold, dressed as Venus in a painting, and beautiful boys, like Cupids, stood on each side to fan her. Her maids were dressed like sea nymphs and graces, some steering at the rudder, some working at the ropes.
There followed an extravagant courtship, together with a characterisation of Cleopatra not as beautiful but as intelligent and bewitching, so much so that Antony neglected his civic duties at home. “While Fulvia his wife maintained his quarrels in Rome against Octavius Caesar by actual force of arms,” Antony allowed himself “to be carried away by her to Alexandria, there to keep holiday, like a boy, in play and diversion”, Plutarch writes, quoting a friend of his own grandfather as to the sumptuousness of the feasts they shared.
CLEOPATRA’S SUICIDE: It is from Plutarch, too, that we hear the earliest version of the intertwined deaths of Mark Antony and Cleopatra.
Making one hard decision after another, and falling under the shadow of numerous omens reflecting the gods’ will, Mark Antony decides to die a soldier’s death. He witnesses his own men surrendering to Octavius, his Roman rival, and blames Cleopatra. “She, being afraid lest in his fury and despair he might do her a mischief, fled to her monument,” writes Plutarch, and she sent messengers to tell Antony that she was dead.
Believing himself defeated in war and love, Antony then wounded himself with his sword but lived long enough to be brought before Cleopatra. This is what made me believe that this queen loved herself alone and that she would sacrifice her love for Mark Antony for power. She sent a message to get rid of her defeated lover, so that she could be free for another, Octavius.
“Nothing could part us whilst we lived, but death seems to threaten to divide us,” Plutarch reports that Cleopatra said upon Antony’s death. She had already spent days testing various poisons and watching prisoners die, “in order to see which of them were the least painful in the operation”.
Refusing to allow the Romans to take her as a prisoner to Rome, she selected the most painless poison, the bite of an asp, as her mode of suicide. Perhaps an asp was brought in a basket of figs; perhaps there was a golden spindle holding poison. Whatever her actual mode of suicide, in the triumphant procession organised by Octavius after her death, “there was carried a figure of Cleopatra with an asp clinging to her,” he said. The figure portrayed her respectfully, according to Plutarch, since the Romans “could not but admire the greatness of her spirit and gave orders that her body should be buried by Antony with royal splendour and magnificence.”
We began to work with Martinez in 2005 at the Temple of Taposiris Magna, where the Supreme Council of Antiquities team (SCA), working under my direction, found many structures and artefacts on four levels of the site as well as shafts inside the Temple. The work done since 2011 has been by Martinez only, and the documentation of the objects and the temple architecture has followed her research.
We have to thank her for dedicating herself to this work, whether we agree about Cleopatra’s burial or not, and we have to see what is happening at the site now. Researchers have discovered several shafts inside and outside the temple. Some go 25 metres down into the rock. A large cemetery was also excavated outside the temple, and the most important object found there has been the large stone inscribed by Ptolemy V giving gifts to the priestesses of Isis.
There is no evidence to prove that Cleopatra was buried in the temple. But in my opinion there is nevertheless amazing work underway, particularly by the mission that has been working near Cleopatra’s royal quarters, now underwater, that has raised a nine-ton pylon that is almost definitely part of a Temple of Isis. The team has also found another exciting structure in the threshold of a monumental door that, with its granite and copper and lead facing, may have been a part of the door to Cleopatra’s tomb.
Whether or not Cleopatra was actually buried in the tomb she built for herself in Alexandria, or whether she was buried in Taposiris Magna, she will remain one of history’s most mysterious, powerful and alluring women.
It is hard to believe that a reporter in a respected newspaper like Il Messaggero would write such wrong information, because I did not say that Cleopatra’s tomb had been found. I have the right to talk about the work at the temple because I was the director of the excavations from 2005 until 2011, and during this time the Egyptian team did great work. But the idea that Cleopatra was buried in this temple is not my idea. It is the theory of Martinez.